Bacon, Roger
Roger Bacon (1214–1292) Roger Bacon’s most noteworthy philosophical accomplishments were in the fields of mathematics, natural sciences, and language studies. A conspicuous feature of his philosophical...
View ArticleRoss, William David
William David Ross (1877-1971) Sir William David Ross was a British philosopher, college administrator, WW I veteran, civil servant, and humanities scholar best known for his important contributions to...
View ArticleWasa, Kristina
Kristina Wasa (1626-1689) The flamboyant life of Kristina, the Queen of Sweden, one of Europe’s most mercurial monarchs, has long overshadowed her contribution to philosophy. When histories of...
View ArticleDe Chantal, Jeanne-Françoise Frémyot, baronne
Jeanne-Françoise Frémyot, Baronne de Chantal (1572-1641) Canonized a Catholic saint in 1767, Jeanne de Chantal (Jane of Chantal) has rarely been the object of philosophical analysis. Until recently,...
View Articlede Sévigné
Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sévigné (1626-96) Madame de Sévigné was France’s preeminent writer of epistles in the seventeenth century. She appears at first glance to possess few philosophical...
View ArticleKraft, Victor
Victor Kraft (1880 – 1975) Victor Kraft was an Austrian philosopher and librarian. He was, as he himself emphasized a “non-orthodox” member of the Vienna Circle and tried to reintroduce scientific...
View ArticleRepublic, Plato’s
Plato: The Republic Since the mid-nineteenth century, the Republic has been Plato’s most famous and widely read dialogue. As in most other Platonic dialogues the main character is Socrates. It is...
View ArticleMaimonides
Maimonides (1138-1204) Maimonides is a medieval Jewish philosopher with considerable influence on Jewish thought, and on philosophy in general. Maimonides also was an important codifier of Jewish law....
View Article17th Century Theories of Substance
17th Century Theories of Substance In contemporary, everyday language, the word “substance” tends to be a generic term used to refer to various kinds of material stuff (“we need to clean this sticky...
View ArticleCudworth, Ralph
Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688) Ralph Cudworth was an English philosopher and theologian, representative of a seventeenth century movement known as the Cambridge Platonists. These were the first English...
View ArticleFeng Youlan (Fung Yu-lan)
Feng Youlan (Fung Yu-lan, 1895-1990) Feng Youlan (romanized as Fung Yu-lan) was a representative of modern Chinese philosophy. Throughout his long and turbulent life, he consistently engaged the...
View ArticleAntoine Arnauld
Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694) Antoine Arnauld was considered by his peers as one of the preeminent 17th century European intellectuals. Arnauld had been remembered primarily as a correspondent of René...
View ArticleVattimo, Gianni
Gianni Vattimo (1936− ) Gianni Vattimo is an Italian philosopher and cultural commentator. He studied in Turin, Italy with Luigi Pareyson, and in Heidelberg under Hans-Georg Gadamer. Central to...
View ArticleMusonius Rufus
Musonius Rufus (c. 30–62 CE) Gaius Musonius Rufus was one of the four great Stoic philosophers of the Roman empire, along with Seneca, Epictetus , and Marcus Aurelius. A renowned Stoic teacher,...
View ArticleMou Zongsan
Mou Zongsan (Mou Tsung-san) (1909—1995) Mou Zongsan (Mou Tsung-san) is a sophisticated and systematic example of a modern Chinese philosopher. A Chinese nationalist, he aimed to reinvigorate...
View ArticleLequyer (Lequier), Jules
Jules Lequyer (Lequier) (1814—1862) Like Kierkegaard, Jules Lequyer (Luh-key-eh) resisted, with every philosophical and literary tool at his disposal, the monistic philosophies that attempt to weave...
View ArticleMandeville, Bernard
Bernard Mandeville (1670-1733) Bernard Mandeville is primarily remembered for his impact on discussions of morality and economic theory in the early eighteenth century. His most noteworthy and...
View ArticleHutcheson, Francis
Francis Hutcheson (1694-1745) Francis Hutcheson was an eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher whose meticulous writings and activities influenced life in Scotland, Great Britain, Europe, and even the...
View ArticleZhang Junmai (Carsun Chang)
Zhang Junmai (Carsun Chang, 1877-1969) Zhang Junmai (Chang Chun-mai, 1877-1969), also known as Carsun Chang, was an important twentieth-century Chinese thinker and a representative of modern Chinese...
View ArticleSadra
Mulla Sadra (c. 1572—1640) Mulla Sadra made major contributions to Islamic metaphysics and to Shi’i theology during the Safavid period (1501-1736) in Persia. He started his career in the context of a...
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